29^th World Congress on Nutrition & Dietetics September 19-20, 2019 Berlin, Germany

Nutrition & Metabolism hold within the studies of molecular nutrition related to obesity, lipedemias, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and exercise physiology. Molecular, cellular and human metabolism, nutrient sensing and nutrient–gene interactions are also in interest to the Nutrition and Metabolism.

Metabolism means all the chemical reactions involved to maintain the living state of cells and organism. Metabolism is of two categories: Catabolism which means the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy, Anabolism that means the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells. Metabolism is related to nutrition and availability of nutrients. Energy formation is one of the important components of metabolism. 

Food processing is the method that transforms agricultural products into food, or one form of food into other form. Food processing includes various methods of processing foods where as Food technology is the food science that deals with production procedures that make variety of food. It is the science with different methods and principles involved in preserving and processing the food substances.

The food technology study is to advance new techniques, adapt various methods and systems for maintaining food products hygiene, safe and unaffected from natural harms like bacteria and other micro-organisms.   

Nutrition and pregnancy refers intake of nutrients, food as per the dietary planning which is taken during, before and after pregnancy. Primary instance, Nutrition of the fetus begins at conception. For this reason, the nutrition of the mother is important from before conception as well as throughout pregnancy and breast feeding Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories, or energy. These include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. More nutrients are to be consumed during pregnancy. Mostly, pregnant women can meet the increased nutritional needs for health by choosing a diet that includes variety of healthy foods.

Sports nutrition relates to the study and its practice of nutrition & diet to improve athletics performance. For Sports, Nutrition plays an important part in training regimens, to gain popularity in strength sports and endurance sports. Sports Nutrition mainly concentrates its studies on its type of diet, the quantity of fluids intake and the type of food taken by an athlete. In addition to this, it also deals with the intake of nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, supplements and organic substances that include proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Animal nutrition consists of the composition and material characteristics consumed by the animals, the mannerism in which the materials are metabolized (utilized, converted and excreted) in the digestive tract. The nutrient requirements for different animal species for different production functions are addressed. This is economically feasible where the practical system of animal nutrition is to ensure the optimal genetic production of animals is achieved. Animal nutrition focuses on the dietary needs of animals, primarily those in agriculture and food production, next to it in zoos, aquariums, and wildlife management. Major nutrients are fats, fiber, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and water.

Food quality is the main characteristic of food that is to be acceptable by consumers. It includes external factors like appearance (size, shape, color, gloss, texture and consistency), flavor. Food quality and its safety are the main targets of for food production. Nutritional score ranking is important for dietary worth of food. Food quality is quite essential which nourishes healthy aspects of food producing necessity.

It is important to know the nutritional value of food with its effect on the body which concentrates on cholesterol, salt, fat, and sugar intake. Food label ensures the nutritional value of a product.

Pediatric nutrition means study of nutrition related to pediatrics and maintenance of well-balanced diet possessing essential nutrients and adequate calories intake to promote growth and sustain physiological activities at the various stages of child's development. Nutritional needs and requirements vary with age, activity levels and environmental conditions. They are related to the growth rate. In prenatal period growth depends on maternal nutrition. During infant stage, need for calories in the form of protein, is greater due to increase in height and weight.

Geriatric nutrition means the study of principles of nutrition to the delayed effect of aging and disease, management of physical, psychological and psychosocial changes that are commonly associated by growing old.

Nutritional Psychology is the study of science where nutrients affect mood and behavior. This study relationship is between food and our internal experience, which illuminates bio physiological mechanism, influencing the nutrient intake that relates to mood and behavior. Nutrition psychology (NP) is the psychological study of cognitive choices as meal decisions, psychological health, influence nutrition and overall health. This is the relationship between nutritional behavior and mental health. This cognitive function and nutrition are applied to different fields as dietetics, psychology, nutrition, and marketing. 

Nutrigenetics is the relation held between nutrition and genetics of an individual. Based on genetics, benefit from certain vitamins or minerals more or less such as folic acid or iron respectively. Nutrition and the research involving genetics help to explain gene expression which is called as nutrigenomics.

Nutrigenetics is the study of science that identifies and characterizes gene variants associated with differential response to the nutrients and the variations related to variable disease states.

Food toxicology is the study of the nature, effects, properties, detection and identification of toxic substances in food and their disease manifestation in humans. Food contaminants are the substances included unintentionally in Foods.  Heavy metals, Radioactive elements and the packing materials used in food processing are such substances checked for the quality.

The Health and Aging studies are related to the Health & Rehabilitation Sciences which is an interdisciplinary, scholarly, research-based program carried out by various research studies in a variety of aging-related thematic areas. Scientific research interests in the interaction of nutrition and health subjected to aging process is gaining more interest. The role of nutrients affecting the growth and development of body during childhood, affects the risk of acute and chronic diseases, maintenance of physiological processes and biological process of aging. Balanced and nutritious diet helps us to maintain optimal health. It’s important to get the right level of nutrients, calories and plenty of fluids for a healthy balanced diet related to age.

The study mainly focuses on the problems of over and under nutrition, those are undergoing rapid transformation. The clinical and scientific basis of malnutrition, obesity, therapeutic approach is the main subject rends for the health Nutrition. Public Health Nutrition (PHN) is an area of concentration where Public Health emphasizes the application of food and nutrition knowledge, its policies and research to the improvement of the health of population. This mainly focus on the promotion of good health through nutrition and primary prevention of nutrition related illness in the population

Nutritional Immunology is the study of diet and nutritional factors that influences immune responses regulating health and disease outcomes. Basic emerging of nutritional immunology is due to detrimental effect of malnutrition on the immune system. The main ideology is to identify novel plant-derived compounds with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic actions. The novel molecular target characterizes the actions of dietary compounds and botanicals in inflammation and immunity. Food allergy is an unpleasant or dangerous immune system reaction caused after certain food is taken. 

Nutrition disorders are the diseases that occur when a person's dietary intake is not of sufficient amount of nutrients for healthy functioning, or when the absorption of nutrients from food is improper. Nutrition disorders are caused by under nutrition, over nutrition or an incorrect balance of nutrients.  Nutritional diseases are directly or indirectly caused by the scarcity of essential nutrients within the diet provided. Excess intake of few nutrients also causes acute poisoning.

The related studies of Nutrition in Obesity and Diabetes show high-quality diet playing an important role in diabetes prevention. Appropriate dietary adherence can improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control for lifestyle improvement. However research suggests that dietary adherence is difficult for diabetes management. Nutrients play a major role providing nutrition to every organ and gland for proper function. Without nutritional balance, body is inefficient to manufacture energy needed for metabolism.

Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions of biological and non-biological components of foods. Some of the biological components include poultry, meat, beer and milk. It includes lipids, carbohydrates and proteins in biochemistry. A specialized phase of food technology concerned with an understanding of the fundamental changes of composition and the physical condition of foodstuffs may occur during industrial processing.